,
نوع مقاله : پژوهشی (با رویکردهای کیفی)
چکیده
هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی پیامدهای تحمل ابهام رهبران و طراحی الگوی جامعی از این پیامدها صورت گرفته است.
طراحی/ روششناسی/ رویکرد: این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و روش تحلیل مضمون انجام شده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش عبارتند از خبرگان دانشگاهی و خبرگان اجرایی وزارت نفت که تجربه تصمیمگیری و مدیریت در شرایط عدم اطمینان را دارند. نمونه آماری این پژوهش نوزده نفر بوده است. نمونهگیری این پژوهش، هدفمند و با روش گلولهبرفی انجام شد. دادهها نیز از طریق مصاحبه با خبرگان گردآوری گردید. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها، از کدگذاری سه مرحلهای آتراید-استرلینگ و روش تحلیل شبکه مضامین استفاده شد.
یافتههای پژوهش: بعد از تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها، پیامدهای تحمل ابهام رهبران در دو مضمون فراگیر پیامدهای فردی و پیامدهای سازمانی دستهبندی شدند. یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد پیامدهای فردی (شناختی، روانی و عملکردی) به همراه پیامدهای سازمانی (منابع انسانی، فرآیندی، بازار و مالی) انگیزهای قوی برای توجه جدی سازمانها به موضوع تحمل ابهام رهبران و تلاش برای ارتقای آن ایجاد مینماید.
محدودیتها و پیامدها: مطالعه در صنعت نفت با مختصات خاص این صنعت صورت گرفته است. بنابراین تعمیمپذیری نتایج پژوهش به سایر حوزهها را با چالش مواجه میکند.
پیامدهای عملی: الگوی پیامدهای تحمل ابهام رهبران به تبیین بهتر اهمیت و ضرورت برخورداری رهبران از تحمل ابهام کمک میکند.
ابتکار یا ارزش مقاله: این مقاله با شناسایی پیامدهای تحمل ابهام رهبران و ارائه الگویی از آنها به پژوهشهای این حوزه میافزاید.
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
- Abedi Jafari, H., Taslimi, M. S., Faghihi, A. & Sheikhzadeh, M. (2011). "Theme Analysis and Theme Network: A Simple and Efficient Method for Explaining Patterns in Qualitative Data". Quarterly Journal of Strategic Management Thought, 5(2), 151-198. (in Persian).
- Antoncic, B. )2009). "The entrepreneur’s general personality traits and technological development. Proceedings of World Academy of Science". Engineering and Technology, 41, 236-241.
- Arlitsch, K. (2016). "Tolerating Ambiguity: Leadership Lessons from Off-Road Motorcycling". Journal of Library Administration, 56(1).
- Babaei, M. B. (2018). "Guidance and leadership from the perspective of the Qur'an and its strategies". Islamic Management Quarterly, 26(1), 61-105. (in Persian).
- N., Herold, D.M. & Ashford. S. J. (1990). "The effects of tolerance for ambiguity on feedback-seeking behavior". Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 343-348.
- Bornemisza, A. (2013). "Creativity and Psychological Safety: A proposed model on the links between psychological safety, ambiguity tolerance, playfulness and creativity". Magister thesis, Lund University, department of psychology.
- Bors, D. A., Gruman. J. A. & Shukla, S. )2010(. "Measuring tolerance of ambiguity: Item polarity, dimensionality, and criterion validity". European Review of Applied Psychology, 60(4), 239–245.
- Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). "Using Thematic analysis in psychology". Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2).
- Budner, S. N. (1962). "Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable". Journal of Personality, 30(1), 29-50.
- Chaturvedula, S, Raghuraman, S. & Murthy, R. (2017). "Impact of Tolerance of Ambiguity on Job Performance, Creativity and Decision-making Styles: A study on Indian Software professionals". International Journal for innovative research in multidisciplinary field, 3(3).
- Cook, C.W. & Hunsaker, P. L. (2001). "Management and Organizational Behaviour". 3rd ed, McGraw-Hill Companies, Maidenhead.
- Fewster, & O’Connor, P. (2017). "Embracing Ambiguity in the Workplace". Change 2020 & QUT Business School, 1-15.
- Furnham, A. & Ribchester, T. (1995). "Tolerance of ambiguity: A review of the concept, its measurement and applications". Current Psychology, 14(3), 179-199.
- Furnham, A. & Marks, J. (2013). "Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Review of the Recent Literature". Psychology, 9, 717-728.
- Haj Karimi, A. A., Rezaian, A., Hadizadeh, A. & Bonyadi Naeini, A. (2011). "Designing a model of competencies of human resource managers in the public sector in Iran". Public Administration Perspective (PAP) , 2(4), 23-43. (in Persian).
- Hancock, J. & Mattick, k. (2020). "Tolerance of ambiguity and psychological well‐being in medical training: A systematic review". Medical Education, 54(2), 125–137.
- Herman, L, Stevens, M. J.1., Bird, A., Mendenhall, M. & Oddou, G. (2010). "The Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale: Towards a more refined measure for international management research". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 34, 58–65.
- Hillen, M. A., Gutheil, C. M., Strout, T. D., Smets, E. M. & Han, P. K. J. (2017). "Tolerance of uncertainty: Conceptual analysis, integrative model, and implications for Healthcare". Social Science & Medicine, 180, 62-75.
- Jessani, Z. & Harris, P. (2018). "Personality, politics, and denial: Tolerance of ambiguity, political orientation and disbelief in climate change". Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 121-123.
- Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V. & Welbourne, T. M. (1999). "Managerial coping with organizational change: a dispositional perspective". Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 (1), 107–22.
- Katsaros, K. & Nicolaidis, C. (2011). "Tolerance of Ambiguity and Emotional Attitudes in a Changing Business Environment". Journal of Strategy and Management, 4(1), 44-61.
- Katsaros, K. & Nicolaidis, C. S. (2012). "Personal traits, emotions and attitudes in the workplace: their effect on managers, tolerance of ambiguity". Psychologist- Manger Journal, 15, 37-55.
- Khanifar, H. & Moslemi, N. (2016). "Fundamentals Qualitative research methods: new and practical approach". Tehran: Negahedanesh Publication. (in Persian).
- Kok, J. & Heuvel, S. (2019). "Leading in a VUCA World Integrating Leadership, Discernment and Spirituality". Switzerland: springer. ISBN 978-3-319-98884-9. (eBook).
- Lamberton , B., Fedorowicz, , Saeed, J. & Roohani, S. J. (2005). "Tolerance for Ambiguity and IT Competency among Accountants". Journal of Information Systems, 19(1), 75-95.
- Lane, M. S. & Klenke, K. (2004). "The Ambiguity Tolerance Interface: A Modified Social Cognitive Model for Leading Under Uncertainty". Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10(3), 69-81.
- Lannello, , Mottini, A., Tirelli, S., Riva, S. & Antonietti, A. (2017). "Ambiguity and uncertainty tolerance, need for cognition, and their association with stress. A study among Italian practicing physicians". Medical Education Online, 22(1), 1270009.
- Lauriola, M., Foschi, R., Mosca, O. & Weller, J. (2015). "Attitude Toward Ambiguity: Empirically Robust Factors in Self-Report Personality Scales". Assessment, 1 –21.
- Liu, CH. (2015). "Relevant Researches on Tolerance of Ambiguity". Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(9), 1874-1882
- Litman, J. A. (2010). "Relationships between measures of I- and D- type curiosity, ambiguity tolerance, and need for closure: an initial test of the wanting- liking model of information- seeking". Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 397- 402.
- Maghbouli, , Nakhostin-Ansar, A. & Shayestefar, M. (2021). "Ambiguity tolerance among medical students and its relationship with personality and participation in the mentoring program: A cross-sectional study". Journal of Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 62, 425-430.
- Mack, O., Khare, A., Krämer, A. & Burgartz, T. (2016). "Managing in a VUCA World". Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London, ISBN 978-3-319-16889-0. (eBook).
- McLain, D. L. (1993). "The MSTAT-1: A new measure of an individual¢s tolerance for ambiguity". Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 183–189.
- Mclain, D.L., Kefallonitis, E. & Armani, K. (2015). "Ambiguity tolerance in organizations: Ambiguity tolerance, definitional clarification and perspectives on future research". Frontiers in Psychology, 6. 344.
- Mele, D. (2010). "Practical wisdom in managerial decision making". Journal of Management Development, 29 (7/8), 637-645.
- Manteghi, M. (2012). "Explaining the decision model based on Islamic teachings with emphasis on decision-making based on insight". Ph.D. Thesis, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute. (in Persian).
- Mataji Nimvari1, F., Jamshidi. M. & Rezaeian, A. (2021). "Presenting the model for rumor management at Islamic Azad University". Public Administration Perspective (PAP), 12(3), 15-31. (in Persian).
- Moradi, M. & Hafizi, P. (2015). "The role of emotion control and ambiguity tolerance in wise decision making". Quarterly Journal of Organizational Behavior Studies, 4, 1-29. (in Persian).
- Neill, S. & Rose, G. M. (2007). "Achieving adaptive ends through equivocality: A study of organizational antecedents and consequences". Journal of Business Research, 60, 305–313.
- Norton, M. & Zoghi, B. B. (2021). "Exploring the Role of Ambiguity Tolerance in an Engineering proffessional’s identity as a leader". Asse annual conference, 26-29 July.
- Omar, K. h. M. (2016). "Ambiguity: A Critical Factor that affect Leadership". Human Resource Management Research, 6(3),73-81.
- Pathak, R. D., Chauhan, V. S., Dhar, U. & Gramberg, B. V. (2009). "Managerial Effectiveness as a Function of Culture and Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Cross-cultural Study of India and Fiji". International Employment Relations Review, 15(1), 73-90.
- Rezaeian, A. (1996). "The first condition". Management Knowledge Quarterly, 33-34, 2-3. (in Persian).
- Saadat, V., Ghlichlee, B., Rezaeian, A. & Tabarsa, G. A. (2021). "Tolerance of ambiguity, The key competence of leaders". The First International Conference on Management Laboratory and Innovative Approaches in Management and Economics, Tehran, https://civilica.com/ doc / 1347805. (in Persian).
- Sherrill, W. W. (2001). "Tolerance of Ambiguity among MD/MBA Students: Implications for Management Potential". Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 21, 117–122.
- Spencer, L. & Spencer, S. M. (1993). "Competence at work: models for superior performance". New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Stoycheva, K. (2010). "Tolerance for ambiguity, creativity, and personality". Bulgarian Journal of Psychology, 1-4, 178-188.
- Teoh, H. Y. & Foo, S. L. (1997). "Moderating effects of tolerance for ambiguity and risk-taking propensity on the role conflict-perceived performance relationship: Evidence from Singaporean entrepreneurs". Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 67–81.
- Titt, R. (2021). "Investigating the attitude towards ambiguity: Inter individual differences in automatic activations of evaluations of ambiguity". advisor: René Ziegler.
- Treglown, L., Rae, I. M. & Furnham, A. (2020). "What Drives Ambition? Personality, Self-Perceived Leadership Potential, and the Desire to Be Your Own Boss". Psychology, 11, 624-635.
- Tsirikas, A. N., Katsaros, K. K. &Nicolaidis, C. S. (2012). "Knowledge management, tolerance of ambiguity and productivity: Evidence from the Greek public sector". Employee Relations, 34 (4), 344 – 359.
- Tymula, A., Rosenberg Belmakerb, L., Royc, A., Rudermanb, L., Mansonb, K., Glimchera, P., Levyb, I. (2012). "Adolescents’ risk-taking behavior is driven by tolerance to ambiguity". PNAS, 109(42) ,17135–17140.
- Vives, M. L. & FeldmanHall, O. (2018). "Tolerance to ambiguous uncertainty predicts prosocial behavior". Nature Communications, 9 (1) , 2156.
- Weisbrod, E. (2009). "The role of affect and tolerance of ambiguity in ethical decision making, Advances in Accounting". Incorporating Advances in International Accounting, 25, 57–63.
- Westerberg, M., Singh, J. & Hackner, E. (1997). "Does the CEO matter?". Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13, 251-270. doi:10.1016/S0956-5221(97)00011-0.
- Wittenberg, K. J. & Norcross, J.C. (2001). "Practitioner perfectionism: relationship to ambiguity tolerance and work satisfaction". J Clin Psychol, 57(12), 154350.
- Yurtsever, G. (2000). "Ethical beliefs and tolerance of ambiguity". Social Behavior and Personality, 28(2), 141-148.
- Yurtsever, G. (2001). "Tolerance of Ambiguity, Information, and Negotiation". Psychological Reports, 89, 57-64.
- Yurtsever, G. (2008). "Negotiators’profit predicted by cognitive reappraisal, suppression of emotions, misrepresentation of information and tolerance of ambiguity". Perceptualand motor skills, 106, 590-608.
- Zenasni, F., Besancon, M. & Lubart, T. (2008). "Creativity and tolerance of ambiguity: an empirical study". Journal of Creative Behavior, 42, 61-73.
- Zolghadr, A. (2017). "The effect of state anxiety on risky decision making in ambiguous and clear situations due to the role of ambiguity tolerance". Master Thesis, Zanjan University, Faculty of Humanities. (in Persian).