چشم انداز مدیریت دولتی

مفهوم پردازی، شناسایی و رتبه بندی پیشایندها و پیامدهای شجاعت اخلاقی در سازمان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه خوارزمی؛ تهران، ایران

2 گروه مدیریت کسب و کار، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

3 گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

4 گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران

چکیده

هدف: رفتار غیراخلاقی شهرت سازمان را خدشه دار می‌کند، مسئولیت های قانونی ایجاد می‌کند و اعتماد عمومی را کاهش می‌دهد. همچنین در سازمان‌ها «خشونت، قلدری و سایر رفتارهای بد، عوارض روانی، عاطفی، ذهنی و جسمی بر کارکنان وارد می‌کند. ون بورن، گرین‌وود و شیهان مدیران منابع انسانی را تشویق می‌کنند که «مسئولیت تجزیه و تحلیل اخلاقی و عملکردی را در سازمان‌هایشان بر عهده بگیرند». مدیران منابع انسانی نیز از اعضای حرفه خود می‌خواهند که نقشی محوری در پیشبرد عملکرد اخلاقی ایفا کنند. با این حال، آگاهی از عمل اخلاقی صحیح، به معنای ترویج آن عمل نیست. افراد باید علاوه بر آگاهی، برای معیارهای اخلاقی، بیش از سایر ملاحظات اهمیت قائل شوند. اما حتی زمانی که اعضای سازمان‌ها مسیر عمل اخلاقی صحیح را می‌دانند و می‌خواهند مطابق با آن رفتار کنند، پیامدهای شخصی منفی مرتبط با اقدامات اخلاقی ممکن است آنها را منصرف کند. «فردی ممکن است از نظر اخلاقی حساس باشد، قضاوت‌های اخلاقی خوبی داشته باشد، و ارزش‌های اخلاقی را در اولویت قرار دهد، اما اگر فرد تحت فشار پژمرده شود، به راحتی حواسش پرت شود یا دلسرد شود و تبدیل به یک آدم بی اراده و ضعیف گردد، شکست اخلاقی رخ می‌دهد. اعضای سازمان‌ها فراتر از میل به دنبال کردن مسیر اصولی، برای رسیدن به مقصود اخلاقی خود نیازمند قدرت اخلاقی هستند. به طور خلاصه، آنها اغلب به شجاعت اخلاقی برای رفتار اخلاقی نیاز دارند.  با توجه به اهمیت روزافزون شجاعت اخلاقی در سازمان‌ها، هدف این مقاله مفهوم‌سازی، شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی پیشایندها و پیامدهای شجاعت اخلاقی است.
طراحی/ روش‌شناسی/ رویکرد: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش توسعه‌ای است که به صورت ترکیبی (کیفی- کمی) انجام شده است. در بخش کیفی (فراتحلیل)، جامعه پژوهش را کلیه مطالعات انجام شده در این زمینه تشکیل می‌دهد که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند معیارمحور انتخاب شدند. در این راستا، پس از جستجو در پایگاه‌های علمی، 89 پژوهش مرتبط استخراج و با بررسی آنها، مفهوم شجاعت اخلاقی و پیشایندها و پیامدهای آن شناسایی شد. سپس با استفاده از روش آنتروپی شانون وزن‌دهی و رتبه‌بندی شاخص‌ها انجام شد. در بخش کمی، جامعه آماری کارکنان سازمان بیمه است.
یافته­های پژوهش: در این تحقیق مقوله‌های مرتبط با مفهوم شجاعت اخلاقی به ترتیب عبارتند از: اخلاق‌گرایی (1)، عزم راسخ (2)، جسارت‌طلبی (3) و مقوله‌های مربوط به مقدمات شجاعت اخلاقی، عوامل فردی. (1)، تأثیر رهبری (2)، محیط اجتماعی (3)، کنترل درونی و بیرونی (4)، حمایت همه جانبه (5)، و مقولات مربوط به پیامدهای شجاعت اخلاقی، به ترتیب، پیامدهای فردی مثبت (1)، پیامدهای اجتماعی مثبت (2)، پیامدهای فردی منفی (3)، رتبه‌بندی می‌شوند. با توجه به رتبه‌بندی مضامین، رفتارهای اخلاقی در مفهوم‌سازی شجاعت اخلاقی و نگرش‌های فردی در پیشایندهای شجاعت اخلاقی و آسیب‌های فردی در پیامدهای شجاعت اخلاقی از سایر مضامین اهمیت بیشتری دارد.
محدودیت­ها و پیامدها: این پژوهش تنها با بررسی جامع ادبیات انجام شده است و مدل به دست آمده نیاز به بررسی میدانی و عملیاتی در بستر سازمانی دارد.
پیامدهای عملی: شجاعت اخلاقی در سازمان تحت تأثیر عوامل مختلفی قرار می‌گیرد و پیامدهای بسیاری دارد. بنابراین، این عوامل و پیامدها باید شناسایی شوند و مورد توجه قرار گیرند. نتایج پژوهش حاضر می‌تواند کمک قابل توجهی به مدیران و کارکنان سازمان‌ها در جهت افزایش شجاعت اخلاقی و ارتقای سلامت سازمانی کند.
ابتکار یا ارزش مقاله: تحقیقات زیادی در زمینه شجاعت اخلاقی انجام شده است. در اکثر تحقیقات انجام شده مفهوم شجاعت اخلاقی در سازمان‌ها به صورت همبستگی مطرح شده است و نشان می‌دهد که چه عواملی بر آن تأثیر می‌گذارد و آن را در سازمان تقویت یا تضعیف می‌کند، به عنوان مثال ویژگی‌های فردی مانند جنسیت و چه عواملی از آن تأثیر می‌پذیرد و به عبارت دیگر پیامدها و نتایج آن چیست؛ به عنوان مثال، افزایش رفاه. در پژوهش‌های مختلف، عوامل مؤثر در شکل‌گیری شجاعت اخلاقی و پیامدهای آن به صورت پراکنده ذکر شده است. با توجه به اهمیت این موضوع و نقش مهمی که در سازمان‌ها دارد، در این مقاله سعی بر آن است تا با مروری نظام‌مند و همه‌جانبه بر تحقیقات پیشین، شجاعت اخلاقی مفهوم‌سازی شود و پیشایندها و پیامدهای آن شناسایی و دسته‌بندی شود. بنابراین دستیابی به مدلی جامع از مفهوم، پیشایندها و پیامدهای شجاعت اخلاقی با روش فراترکیب به عنوان الگویی برای سایر پژوهش‌ها، از ارزش‌های مقاله می‌باشد.
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Conceptualizing, Identifying and Ranking the Antecedents and Consequences of Moral Courage in Organization

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Tehrani 1
  • Hamze Khastar 2
  • Akbar Hassanpoor 3
  • Razieh Rajabpoor 4

1 Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Business Management, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Management, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Management, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Purpose: Unethical behavior tarnishes organizational reputations, creates legal liabilities, and reduces public trust. Meanwhile, within organizations, “[i]ncivility, bullying, and other bad behavior take a psychological, emotional, mental, and physical toll on employees”. Van Buren, Greenwood, and Sheehan exhort human resource managers to “take up the responsibility of being the advocates for ethical HRM analysis and practice within their organizations”. Human resource executives, too, call upon members of their profession to play a pivotal role in leading ethical practice. Yet, knowledge of the morally correct action does not dependably promote that action. Individuals also need to care about moral criteria more than other considerations. However, even when members of organizations know the ethically correct course of action and want to behave accordingly, the negative personal consequences associated with ethical action may deter them. “A person may be morally sensitive, make good moral judgments, and place high priority on moral values, but if the person wilts under pressure, is easily distracted or discouraged, is a wimp and weak-willed, then moral failure occurs”. Beyond the desire to pursue the principled path, members of organizations require ethical strength to reach their moral destination. In short, they often need moral courage to behave ethically. Considering the increasing importance of moral courage in organizations, this article aims to conceptualize and identify the antecedents and consequences of moral courage.
Design/ methodology/ approach: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and developmental in terms of its method, which was done in a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) way. In the qualitative part (meta-analysis), the research population is made up of all the studies conducted in this field, which were selected using the criterion-oriented purposeful sampling method. In this regard, after searching in scientific databases, 89 related studies were extracted, and by examining them, the concept of moral courage and its antecedents and consequences were identified. Then, using Shannon's entropy method, the weighting and ranking of indicators were done. The statistical population of a small part includes insurance staff.
Research Findings: In this research, the categories related to the concept of moral courage are, respectively, moralism (1), determination (2), boldness (3), and the categories related to the antecedents of moral courage, respectively, individual factors (1), The impact of leadership (2), social environment (3), internal and external control (4), comprehensive support (5), and categories related to the consequences of moral courage, respectively, positive individual consequences (1), positive social consequences (2), negative individual consequences (3), are ranked. Regarding the ranking of themes, moral behaviors in the conceptualization of moral courage, individual attitudes in the antecedents of moral courage, and personal injuries in the consequences of moral courage are more important than other themes.
Limitations & Consequences: This research was conducted only with a comprehensive review of the literature, and the obtained model requires a field and operational investigation in an organizational platform.
Practical Consequences: Moral courage in the organization is influenced by various factors and has many consequences. Therefore, these factors and consequences should be identified and considered. The results of the present research can significantly help managers and employees increase moral courage and improve organizational health.
Innovation or value of the Article: Many researches have been done in the field of moral courage; In most of the conducted researches, the concept of moral courage in organizations has been discussed in the form of correlation and it shows what factors affect it and strengthen or weaken it in the organization, For example, individual features like gender, and what factors are affected by it, and in other words, what are its consequences and results; For example, increasing prosperity. In various research studies, factors affecting the formation of moral courage and its consequences have been mentioned in scattered ways. Considering the importance of this issue and the important role that it has in organizations, in this article, an attempt is made to conceptualize moral courage and identify and categorize its antecedents and consequences through a systematic and comprehensive review of previous research. So, achieving a comprehensive model about the Concept, antecedents, and consequences of moral courage with a meta-analysis method as a model for other research is the article's value.
Paper Type: Original Paper

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Morality
  • Moral Behavior
  • Courage
  • Moral Courage
  • Meta-Analysis
  • Shannon Entropy
  1. Afsar, Bilal & Shahjehan, Asad & Afridi, Sajjad Ahmad & Shah, Syed Imad & Bin Saeed, Bilal & Hafeez, Shakir, (2019). How moral efficacy and moral attentiveness moderate the effect of abusive supervision on moral courage? Economic research-ekonomska Istra_zivanja2019, Vol. 32, No. 1, 3431–3450.
  2. Argyris, C., & Schon, D. A. (1974). Theory in practice: increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  3. Baratz, L., & Reingold, R. (2013). Moral courage: An essential component for teachers’ continuous professional development. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 76: 89–94.
  4. Bazerman MH, Banaji MR. (2004). The social psychology of ordinary ethical failures. Soc. Justice Res. 17(2):111– 15.
  5. Berson, Y., Nemanich, L. A., Waldman, D. A., Galvin, B. M., & Keller, R. T. (2006). Leadership and organizational learning: A mulitple levels perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 17: 577–59.
  6. Bibi, Annam & Afsar, Bilal, (2020), Behavioural courage and its effect on innovative work behaviour of public sector employees: the role of managerial position and gender, J. Public Sector Performance Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020.
  7. Biswas-Diener, R. 2012. The courage quotient: How science can make you braver. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  8. Bocchiaro, P., Zimbardo, P. G., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2012). To defy or not to defy: An experimental study of the 2017 Detert and Bruno 627 dynamics of disobedience and whistle-blowing. Social Influence, 7: 35–50.
  9. Boyd, J., & Ross, K. (1994). The courage tapes: A positive approach to life’s challenges. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 13: 64.
  10. Bronstein, P., Fox, B. J., Kamon, J. L., & Knolls, M. L. (2007). Parenting and gender as predictors of moral courage in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Sex Roles, 56: 661–674.
  11. Buckley, M. R., Beu, D. S., Frink, D. D., Howard, J. L., Berkson, H., Mobbs, T. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2001). Ethical issues in human resource systems. Human Resource Management Review, 11(1–2), 11–29.
  12. Burke, R. J., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Risky business (psychological and behavioral aspects of risk). New York: Routledge.
  13. Bartneck, C., & Lutge, C., Wagner, A., Welsh, Sean. (2021). An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI, SpringerBriefs in Ethics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51110-4_3.
  14. Castro, C. A. (2006). Military courage. In T. W. Britt & C. A. Castro (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat, vol. 4: 60–78. Santa Barbara, CA: Praegner.
  15. Chun, R. (2005). Ethical character and virtue of organizations: An empirical assessment and strategic implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(3), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-6591-2.
  16. Comer, D.R., & Vega, G. (2011). Moral Courage in Organizations: Doing the Right Thing at Work (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315702285.
  17. Comer, Debra R. & Sekerka, Leslie E.(2017), Keep calm and carry on (ethically): Durable moral courage in the workplace, Human Resource Management Review.
  18. Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089- 2680.9.3.203
  19. Daly, J., Jackson, D., Mannix, J., Davidson, P., & Hutchinson, M. (2014). The importance of clinical leadership in the hospital setting. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 6: 75–83.
  20. De Cremer D, Mayer D, Schminke M. (2010a). On understanding ethical behaviour and decision making: a behavioral business ethics approach. Bus. Ethics Q. 20(1):1–6.
  21. De Cremer D, Vandekerckhove W. (2017). Managing unethical behavior in organizations: the need for a behavioral ethics approach. J. Manag. Organ. 23(3):43.
  22. De Cremer D. (2014). Why ethics is often grey and not white: business ethics challenges in a global world. World Financial Review, Jan./Febr., 23–25.
  23. Detert, J. R., & Bruno, E. A. (2017). Workplace courage: Review, synthesis, and future agenda for a complex construct. Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 593–639. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0155.
  24. Detert, J. R., & Trevino, L. K. (2010). Speaking up to higherups: How supervisors and skip-level leaders influence employee voice. Organization Science, 21: 249.
  25. Evans, P. D., & White, D. G. (1981). Towards an empirical definition of courage. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19: 419–424.
  26. Fagin-Jones, S., &Midlarsky, E. (2007). Courageous altruism: Personal and situational correlates of rescue during the Holocaust. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2: 136–147.
  27. Faunce, T., Bolsin, S., & Chan, W. (2004). Supporting whistleblowers in academic medicine: training and respecting the courage of professional conscience. Journal of Medical Ethics, 30: 40–43.
  28. Finfgeld, D. L. (1998). Courage in middle-aged adults with long-term health concerns. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 30: 153–169.
  29. Finfgeld, D, L.,(2003). “Meta synthesis: The state of the art—so far”. Qualitative health research, 13(7): p893-904.
  30. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. A. (2009). Strategic leadership: Theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  31. Gamson, W. A. (1992). Talking politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  32. Geller, S. E. (2009). Courage, culture and interpersonal intervention. Behaviour Change, 54: 43–5.
  33. Gentile, M. C. (2010). Giving voice to values: How to speak your mind when you know what's right. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  34. Gentile, M. C. (2011). Giving voice to values: Building moral competence. In D. R. Comer & G. Vega (Eds.), Moral courage in organizations: Doing the right thing at work: 117–129. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharp.
  35. Gibbs, J. C., Clark, P. M., Joseph, J. A., Green, J. L., Goodrick, T. S., & Makowski, D. G. (1986). Relations between moral judgment, moral courage, and field independence. Child Development, 57: 185–193.
  36. Gino F, Schweitzer ME, Mead NL, Ariely D. (2011). Unable to resist temptation: how self-control depletion promotes unethical behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 115:191–203.
  37. Goud, N. H. (2005). Courage: Its nature and development. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 44: 102–116.
  38. Guerci, M., Radaelli, G., Siletti, E., Cirella, S., & Shani, A. B. R. (2015). The impact of human resource management practices and corporate sustainability on organizational ethical climates: An employee perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), 325–3342.
  39. Hannah, S. T., & Avolio, B. J. (2010). Moral potency: Building the capacity for character-based leadership. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62: 291–310.
  40. Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. J., & Lester, P. B. (2007). Toward a courageous mindset: The subjective act and experience of courage. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2: 129–135.
  41. Hannah, ST. Avolio, B. Walumbwa, F. (2011). Relationships between Authentic Leadership, Moral Courage, and Ethical and Pro-Social Behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(4), pp 555-578.
  42. Harbour, M., & Kisfalvi, V. (2014). In the eye of the beholder: An exploration of managerial courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(4), 493–515.
  43. Harris, H. 2001. Content analysis of secondary data: A study of courage in managerial decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 34: 191–208.
  44. Hasanpour, Akbar & Abdulahi, Bijan & Jafarinia, Saeed & Sohrabi, Fatemeh (2019), Designing a Model of Managerial Courage in Government Organizations with a Foundational Data Approach, Future Management Quarterly, Year 31, Number 121.(in Persian)
  45. Hernandez, M. (2008). Promoting stewardship behavior in organizations: A leadership model. Journal of Business Ethics, 80: 121–128.
  46. Howard, Matt C. & Holmes, Philip E. (2019), Social courage fosters both voice and silence in the workplace, A study on multidimensional voice and silence with boundary conditions, Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,Vol. 7 No. 1, 2020 pp. 53-73.
  47. Hutchinson, M., Daly, J., Usher, K., & Jackson, D. (2015). Editorial: Leadership when there are no easy answers: Applying leader moral courage to wicked problems. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24: 3021–3023.
  48. Jones, C. S.(2019), Practical spirituality and human development , chapter 2: on the holy ground: practical spirituality and practical moral courage.
  49. Jensen, L, A and Allen..(1996), “Meta-synthesis of qualitative findings”, Qualitative Health Reasearch, 6(4): p553-560.
  50. Kashdan, T. B., Barrett, L. F., & McKnight, P. E. (2015). Unpacking emotion differentiation: Transforming unpleasant experience by perceiving distinctions in negativity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 10–16.
  51. Kelman, H. C., & Hamilton, V. L. (1989). Crimes of obedience: Toward a social psychology of authority and responsibility. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  52. Kendall, S. (2006). Admiring courage: Nurses’ perceptions of caring for patients with cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 10: 324–334.
  53. Khelil, I. & Akrout, O. & Hussainey, K. & Noubbigh, H., (2018). Breaking the silence: An empirical analysis of the drivers of internal auditors' moral courage. DOI: 10.1111/ijau.12119.
  54. Khoshoue, Mahdie Sadat , (2013), the role of organizational virtue and organizational citizenship behavior in professional moral courage, https://civilica.com/doc/1413876. (in Persian)
  55. Kilmann, R. H., O’Hara, L. A., & Strauss, J. P. 2010. Measure developing and validating a quantitative of organizational courage.Journal of Business and Psychology, 25: 15–23.
  56. Koerner, M. M. (2014). Courage as identity work: Accounts of workplace courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 63–93. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0641.
  57. Lachman, V. D., (2007). Moral Courage: A Virtue in Need of Development? College of Nursing and Health Professions. Vol. 16/No. 2.
  58. Lee, H. D. P. (2003). Plato’s The Republic. New York, NY: Penguin.
  59. Lester, P. B., Vogelsang, G. R., Hannah, S. T., & Kimmey, T. J. (2010). Developing courage in followers: Theoretical and applied perspectives. In C. L. S. Pury & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 187–207. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  60. Lopez, S. J., Rasmussen, H. N., Skorupski, W. P., Koetting, K., Petersen, S. E., & Yang, Y. T. (2010). Folk conceptualizations of courage. In C. L. S. Pury, & S. J. Lopez(Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue (pp. 23–45). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
  61. Maddi, S. R. (2011). Personality hardiness as a pathway to resilience under educational stresses. In G. M. Reevy, & E. Frydenberg (Eds.), Personality, stress, and coping: Implications for education (pp. 293–313). Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.
  62. Martin, K. D., & Cullen, J. B. (2006). Continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(2), 175–194.
  63. May, D. R., Chan, A. Y. L., Hodges, T. D., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Developing the Moral Component of Authentic Leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 32, 247-260.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(03)00032-9.
  64. May, D. R., Luth, M. T., & Schwoerer, C. E. (2014). The influence of business ethics education on moral efficacy, moral meaningfulness, and moral courage: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Business Ethics, 124: 67–80.
  65. Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., & Dworkin, T. M. (2009). A word to the wise: How managers and policy-makers can encourage employees to report wrongdoing. Journal of Business Ethics, 86: 379–396.
  66. Miller, W. I. 2002. The mystery of courage. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
  67. Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40: 1453–1476.
  68. Milliken, F. J., Schipani, C. A., Bishara, N. D., & Prado, A. M. (2015). Linking workplace practices to community engagement: The case for encouraging employee voice.Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(4), 405–421.
  69. Misbah, Mojtaba, (1999), Moral Philosophy, Qom, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute.(in persian)
  70. Mohammad Zaheri, Mohammad & Vahdati, Hojjat & Sepahvand, Reza & Nazarpouri, Amirhoshang (2018), Model for measuring the moral courage of senior managers in Iran's government organizations, Scientific Quarterly Journal of Law Enforcement Management Research, 14th year, 3rd issue.(in persian)
  71. Monin, B., Sawyer, P. J., & Marquez, M. J. (2008). The rejection of moral rebels: Resenting those who do the right thing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 76–93.
  72. Murray, Glolria J.(1999), Courage to create and courage to lead: a case study of artistic leader Toni Morrison, the journal of leadership studies, 1999, vol. 6, No. 1/2.
  73. Murray, J. S. (2010). Moral courage in healthcare: Acting ethically even in the presence of risk. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15(3), Manuscript 2.
  74. Olson, Tom & Walsh, Eileen, (2019), Academic nursing leadership in the U.S.: a case study of competition, compromise and moral courage, International Journal for Educational Integrity.
  75. Osswald, S., Greitemeyer, T., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2010). What Is moral courage? Definition, explication, and classification of a complex construct. In C. L. S. Pury & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue: 149–164. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  76. Palanski, M. E., Cullen, K. L., Gentry, W. A., & Nichols, C. M. (2014). Virtuous leadership: Exploring the effects of leader courage and behavioral integrity on leader performance and image. Journal of Business Ethics, 121: 135–146.
  77. Peralta, Carlos Ferreira & Saldanha, Maria Francisca & Lopes, Paulo Nuno & Lourenco, Paulo Renato & Pais, Leonor, (2019), Does Supervisor’s Moral Courage to Go Beyond Compliance Have a Role in the Relationships Between Teamwork Quality, Team Creativity, and Team Idea Implementation?
  78. Peterson, C., & Park, N. (2006). Character strengths in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(8), 1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.398.
  79. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
  80. Pianalto, M. (2012). Moral courage and facing others. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 20(2), 165–184.
  81. Piper, T., Gentile, M. & Parks, S. (1993) Can Business Ethics be Taught? (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School).
  82. Podolny JM. (2009). The buck stops (and starts) at business school. Harvard Business Review, June, 62–67.
  83. Pour Samimi, Ali & Tehrani, Maryam & Vakili, Youssef (2021), Identifying and Ranking the Predictors of Whistle-blowing in Organization: A Meta-Synthesis Approach, Public Administration Perspective (PAP) Vol 12 (1400), No: 1 (Spring), pages: 33-54.(in Persian)
  84. Pury, C. L. S. (2008). Can courage be learned. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.),Positive psychology: Exploring human strengths, vol. 1: 109–130. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
  85. Pury, C. L. S., & Lopez, S. J. (2010). The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  86. Quinn, R. W., & Worline, M. C. (2008). Enabling courageous collective action: Conversations from United Airlines flight 93. Organization Science, 19: 497–516.
  87. Quinn, R., Spreitzer, G. M., & Lam, C. F.(2012), building a sustainable model of human energy in organizations: exploring the critical role of resources. Academy of management annals, 6(1), 337-396.
  88. Rachman, S. J. (1978). Fear and courage. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman and Company.
  89. Rachman, S. J. (1984). Fear and courage. Behavior Therapy, 15: 109–120.
  90. Rachman, S. J. (2004). Fear of contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42: 1227–1255.
  91. Rachman, S. J. (2010). Courage: A psychological perspective. In C. L. S. Pury & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The psychology of courage: Modern research on an ancient virtue. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  92. Rate, C. R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). When good people do nothing: a failure of courage. In J. Langan-Fox, C. L. Cooper & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Research companion to the dysfunctional workplace: Management challenges and symptoms. Cheltenham, England: Elgar.
  93. Rate, C. R., Clarke, J. A., Lindsay, D. R., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Implicit theories of courage. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2: 80–98.
  94. Rest, J.R. )1986(. ‘The major component of morality’. In Kurtines, W.M. and Gerwitz, J.L. (Eds.), Morality, Moral Behavior, and Moral Development: 24–38. New York: Wiley.
  95. Reynolds SJ, Dang CT, Yam KC, Leavitt K. (2014). The role of moral knowledge in everyday immorality: What does it matter if I know what is right? Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 123:124–37.
  96. Ryan, K., Oestreich, D. K., & Orr, G. A. (1996). The courageous messenger: How to successfully speak up at work. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc Pub.
  97. Saleh, U. S., & Brockopp, D. Y. (2001). Hope among patients with cancer hospitalized for bone marrow transplantation: A phenomenologic study. Cancer Nursing, 24: 308–31.
  98. Santisi, Giuseppe & Lodi, Ernesto & Magnano, Paola & Zarbo, Rita & Zammitti, Andrea, (2020), Relationship between Psychological Capital and Quality of Life: The Role of Courage.
  99. Schilpzand, P., Hekman, D., & Mitchell, T. (2015). An inductively-generated typology and process model of workplace courage. Organization Science, 26: 52–77.
  100. Schminke, M., & Caldwell, J., & Ambrose, M., L. (2014). Better than ever? Employee reactions to ethical failures in organizations, and the ethical recovery paradox, organizational behavior and human decision processes, Volume 123, Issue 2, March 2014, Pages 206-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.10.002.
  101. Sekerka, L. E. (2016). Ethics is a daily deal: Choosing to build moral strength as a practice. Basel, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG.
  102. Sekerka, L. E. (2020). A strength-based approach to responsible management: Professional moral courage and moral competency. In Research Handbook of Responsible Management. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  103. Sekerka, L. E., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). Moral courage in the workplace: Moving to and from the desire and decision to act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(2),132–149.
  104. Sekerka, L. E., & Godwin, L. (2010). Strengthening professional moral courage: A balanced approach to ethics training. Training & Management Development Methods, 24(5), 63–74.
  105. Sekerka, L. E., Bagozzi, R. P., & Charnigo, R. (2009). Facing ethical challenges in the workplace: Conceptualizing and measuring professional moral courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(4), 565-579.
  106. Sekerka, L. E., McCarthy, J. D., & Bagozzi, R. (2011). Developing the capacity for professional moral courage: Facing daily ethical challenges in today’s military workplace. In D. R. Comer & G. Vega (Eds.), Moral courage in organizations: Doing the right thing at work: 130–141. Routledge.
  107. Sekerka, L. E., Zolin, R.,(2005), Professional courage in the military: Regulation fit and establishing moral intent, Business and Professional ethics journal, vol. 24, No. 4.
  108. Şen, A., Kabak, K. E., & Yanginlar, g. (2013). Courageous leadership for the twenty-first century. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 91–101. Presented at the 2nd international conference on Leadership, technology, and innovation Management.
  109. Sepahvand, Reza & Hakak, Mohammad & Fathi Chegani, Fariborz & Sepahvand, Massoud (2019), the effect of organizational managers' acceptability on the intention to Whistle-blowing with the role of moral courage as a mediator (case study: Imam Khomeini University of Marine Sciences , Nowshahr), Scientific Research Quarterly Marine Science Education, 7th period, 2nd issue, serial number 21.(in persian)
  110. Seyed Mostafa, Ahmad Mohammad, (2019), Abusive supervision and moral courage: does moral efficacy matter?
  111. Shepela, S. T., Cook, J., Horlitz, E., & Worden, E. (1999). Courageous resistance: A special case of altruism. Theory & Psychology, 9: 787–805.
  112. Silke, A. (2004). Courage in dark places: Reflections on terrorist psychology. Social Research, 74, 177–198.
  113. Simola, S. (2015). Understanding moral courage through a feminist and developmental ethic of care. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2203-y.
  114. Solomon, R. C. (1992). Ethics and excellence: Cooperation and integrity in business. New York: Oxford University Press.
  115. Soltani, F.; Shahin, A.; Shaemi Barzoki, A. (2017). Designing a Talent Excellence Model Using Systematic Literature Review and Qualitative Meta-Synthesis in Isfahan province Gas Company. Human Resource Management in Oil Industry, 8(32), 51-84. (in Persian).
  116. Sosik, J. J. (2006). Leading with character: Stories of valor and virtue and the principles they teach. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
  117. Spreitzer, G. M., McCall, M. W., & Mahoney, J. D. (1997). Early identification of international executive potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 6–29.
  118. Staub, E. (2015). The roots of goodness & resistance to evil. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  119. Steinfeldt, J. (2015). What are coaches afraid of? An exploration of courage and the path to coaching mastery. Capstone Projects. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.
  120. Stemmler, G., Aue, T., & Wacker, J. (2007). Anger and fear: Separable effects of emotion and motivational direction on somatovisceral responses. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66: 141–153.
  121. Susana M. Vieira, Student Member, IEEE, Uzay Kaymak, Member, IEEE and Jo˜ao M.C. Sousa, Member, IEEE, (2010), Cohen’s Kappa Coefficient as a Performance Measure for Feature Selection, WCCI 2010 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence July, 18-23, 2010 - CCIB, Barcelona, Spain.
  122. Terry, Robert W, Jossey-Bass, (1993), Authentic leadership: courage in action, Reviewed by Ken W. Parry, volume1, number2, 1994, the journal of leadership studies.
  123. Tkachenko, Oleksandr & Quast, Louis N. & Song, Wei & Jang, Soebin, (2018), Courage in the workplace: The effects of organizational level and gender on the relationship between behavioral courage and job performance, Journal of Management & Organization, page 1 of 17© 2018 Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management.
  124. Treviño, L. K., & Victor, B. (1992). Peer reporting of unethical behavior: A social context perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35: 38–64.
  125. Tsamados, A., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Roberts, H., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2022). The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions. AI & SOCIETY, 37(1), 215-230.
  126. Valentine, S., Hollingworth, D., & Francis, C. A. (2013). Quality-related HR practices, organizational ethics, and positive work attitudes: Implications for HRD. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 24(4), 493–523.
  127. Vardaman, J. M., Gondo, M. B., & Allen, D. G. (2014). Ethical climate and pro-social rule breaking in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, 24(1), 108–118.
  128. Vuori, T. O., & Huy, Q. N. (2016). Distributed attention and shared emotions in the innovation process: How Nokia lost the smartphone battle. Administrative Science Quarterly, 61: 9–51.
  129. Ward, L. (2001). Nobility and necessity: the problem of courage in Aristotle’s Nicomachean ethics. American Political Science Review, 95:1, 71–84.
  130. White, Judith A. (2015), A Model of Moral Courage: A Study of Leadership for Human Rights and Democracy in Myanmar, Journal of Civil Society.11:1, 1-18.
  131. Whyte, Glen,(2019), Judgment and courage in the boardroom, Orgdyn-701: No. of pages 8.
  132. Woodard, C. R., & Pury, C. L. S. 2007. The construct of courage: Categorization and measurement. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59: 135–147.
  133. Worline, M. C., Wrzesniewski, A., & Rafaeli, A. (2002). Courage and work: Breaking routines to improve performance. In R. Lord & R. Klimoski (Eds.), Emotions at work: 295–330. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  134. Worline,M. C. (2012). Courage in organizations: An integrative review of the “difficult virtue.” In K. S. Cameron & G. M. Spreitzer (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship: 304–315. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  135. Zimbardo, P. G. (2007a). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. New York, NY: Random House.
چشم انداز مدیریت دولتی
دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 61
فروردین 1404
صفحه 69-102