چشم انداز مدیریت دولتی

کاربرد نظریه علامت‌دهی در جذب داوطلبان کنکور به رشته کشاورزی

نوع مقاله : مستخرج از رساله

نویسندگان

گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

هدف: آمار دانشجویان در سال‌های اخیر نشان‌دهنده تغییرات مهمی در روند تحصیلات دانشگاهی کشور است. خالی­‌شدن صندلی دانشگاه‌­ها در برخی رشته­‌ها، در آینده آسیب­‌های جدی به اشتغال و اقتصاد کشور وارد خواهد نمود. طی سال­‌های گذشته، دانشکده­‌های کشاورزی با کاهش ثبت‌­نام داوطلبان کنکور مواجه هستند و این کاهش همچنان ادامه دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی کاربرد نظریه علامت‌­دهی در جذب داوطلبان کنکور به دانشکده­‌های کشاورزی و به دنبال آن تربیت نیروی انسانی ماهر و متخصص به منظور فعالیت در عرصه‌­های تولید، تحقیق، آموزش، اشاعه و ترویج دانش و فناوری در حوزه کشاورزی و روستا انجام شد. نظریه علامت­‌دهی به بررسی نحوه انتقال اطلاعات بین افراد یا سازمان‌­ها می‌­پردازد و توضیح می‌­دهد که سازمان‌­ها درصددند اطلاعاتِ سودمند هرچه بیشتری را به افراد خارج از سازمان منتقل کنند تا از این طریق، گیرندگان را قادر سازند نگرش مثبت خود نسبت به سازمان را افزایش دهند. بدین ترتیب، جذابیت رشته برای داوطلبین کنکور می­‌تواند توسط علائم یا اطلاعاتی درباره ویژگی­‌های رشته کشاورزی در طول فرایند جذب دانشجو ایجاد شود.
طراحی/ روش‌شناسی/ رویکرد: این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و در چارچوب رویکرد کیفی صورت گرفت و از آن جایی که محقق قصد آزمون یا بررسی صحت نظریه را دارد، از روش تحلیل محتوای قیاسی استفاده شد. ابزار جمع‌­آوری داده­‌ها، مصاحبه‌­های بدون ­ساختار و محورهای اصلی مصاحبه در راستای کشف عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب رشته مهندسی کشاورزی بود. برای انجام پژوهش با 12 نفر از دانشجویان دوره کارشناسی رشته کشاورزی در سطح کشور تا رسیدن به سطح اشباع نظری، مصاحبه به عمل آمد. پس از مصاحبه با نمونه­های هدفمند که به روش گلوله‌­برفی انتخاب شده بودند، داده­های به­‌دست آمده به روش تحلیل محتوا کدگذاری شد که تحلیل مصاحبه­‌ها بر روی عوامل مرتبط با نظریه علامت­‌دهی متمرکز بود.
یافته­‌های پژوهش:  یافته‌­ها حاکی از آن بود که از بین ویژگی­‌های سازمانی، هر دو ویژگی ابزاری و نمادین، در جذب داوطلبان کنکور به رشته کشاورزی مؤثر هستند و سهم ویژگی‌­های ابزاری در این میان بیشتر است. در بین ویژگی­‌های ابزاری، «فرصت شغلی» و «کیفیت آموزش» و در بین ویژگی‌­های نمادین، «اعتبار علمی اساتید و شهرت دانشکده»، بیشترین سهم را به خود اختصاص دادند. همچنین «تبلیغات در سطح سازمانی و فردی» به عنوان علامت‌­دهنده بسیار مهم در انتقال اطلاعات مربوط به ویژگی­‌های دانشکده­‌های کشاورزی شناخته شد که در این میان، سهم تبلیغات سطح سازمانی بیشتر از سطح فردی بود. همچنین نشان داده شد مسئولین دانشکده، تبلیغات در سطح سازمانی و دانشجویان یا فارغ‌­التحصیلان رشته کشاورزی، تبلیغات در سطح فردی را می‌­توانند به طور مؤثری بر عهده داشته باشند.
محدودیت‌­ها و پیامدها: عدم تمایل برخی از دانشجویان به مشارکت در مصاحبه از جمله محدودیت‌­های پژوهش بود که برای رفع آن از مصاحبه‌­شوندگان اولیه خواسته شد تا از بین دوستان خود در سطح دانشکده‌­های کشاورزی، افرادی را که می­‌دانند تمایل به شرکت در مصاحبه دارند معرفی نمایند تا به این ترتیب تأثیرگذاری منفی این محدودیت در روایی تحقیق به حداقل برسد.
پیامدهای عملی: یافته‌­های پژوهش حاضر می­‌تواند توسط برنامه‌‌ریزان آموزش عالی با آگاهی از این که کدام‌­یک از ویژگی­‌های دانشکده­‌های کشاورزی‌‌ بیشترین تأثیر را در انتخاب داوطلبان کنکور برای تحصیل در این دانشکده‌­ها دارند مورد استفاده قرار گیرد تا بدین ترتیب از عدم تقارن اطلاعات بین مسئولین دانشکده کشاورزی و داوطلبان کنکور کاسته شده و داوطلبان با افزایش میزان اطلاعات، جذب رشته کشاورزی شوند که این خود منجر به پرورش نیروی انسانی متخصص مورد نیاز در حوزه کشاورزی و در نهایت، توسعه اقتصادی کشور می‌­گردد.
ابتکار یا ارزش مقاله: نظریه علامت‌­دهی یک مفهوم اقتصادی و اجتماعی است و تاکنون در انتخاب رشته دانشگاهی که یک پدیده اجتماعی م‌ی­باشد مورد مطالعه قرار نگرفته است و این پژوهش برای اولین بار در آموزش عالی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Usage of Signaling Theory in Attracting Entrance Exam Candidates to Agricultural Major

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Babapour Vajari
  • Ali Shams

Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Purpose: The statistics of students in recent years present important changes in the university education process in Iran. Vacancies of university seats in some majors will lead to serious issues in employment and the country's economic status in the future. Over the past few years, agricultural colleges have faced a decline in the number of candidates registering for entrance exams in this area, and this trend continues unabated. The present study investigated the usage of signaling theory in attracting university entrance exam candidates to agricultural faculties, with the ultimate goal of training skilled and specialized human resources for activities in production, research, education, dissemination, and promotion of knowledge and technology in the fields of agriculture and rural development. Signaling theory examines how information is transmitted between individuals or organizations, clarifying that organizations strive to convey as much useful information as possible to people outside the organization, enabling recipients to develop a more positive attitude towards the organization.
Design/ methodology/ approach:  This study is applied in terms of its purpose and was conducted within the framework of a qualitative approach. Since the researcher aims to test or examine the validity of the theory, the deductive content analysis method was employed. Data collection tools included unstructured interviews, with the main themes of the interviews focusing on identifying factors that influence the choice of agricultural engineering as a field of study. To conduct the research, interviews were conducted with 12 undergraduate students in the field of agriculture in Iran. After interviewing purposefully selected participants through snowball sampling, the obtained data were coded using content analysis. The analysis of the interviews focused on factors related to signaling theory.
Research Findings: The findings indicated that, among organizational characteristics, both instrumental and symbolic attributes are effective in attracting university entrance exam candidates to the agricultural field, with instrumental attributes having a greater impact. Among the instrumental attributes, "job opportunity" and "quality of education," and among the symbolic attributes, "scientific reputation of the professors and " reputation of the faculty" had the largest contribution. Also, "Advertising at the organizational and individual level" was recognized as a very important indicator in the transmission of information regarding the specifications of agricultural colleges. In the meantime, the role of advertising at the organizational level was more than at the individual level. It was also shown that faculty officials can effectively manage organizational-level advertising, while students or graduates of agricultural programs can take on individual-level advertising effectively.
Limitations & Consequences: One of the limitations of the research was the reluctance of some students to participate in the interviews. To address this issue, the initial interviewees were asked to identify individuals among their peers in agricultural faculties who were willing to participate in the interviews. This approach aimed to minimize the negative impact of this limitation on the validity of the study.
Practical Consequences: The findings of the present study can be utilized by higher education planners, who, by understanding which characteristics of agricultural faculties have the greatest impact on entrance exam candidates' choice to study at these faculties, can reduce the information asymmetry between agricultural faculty officials and candidates. As a result, candidates will be attracted to agricultural programs through increased information, ultimately leading to the development of specialized human resources needed in the field of agriculture and, consequently, the country's economic development.
Innovation or value of the Article: Signaling theory is an economic and social concept that has not yet been studied in the context of university major selection, which is a social phenomenon. This research examines it for the first time in the field of higher education.
Paper Type: Original Paper
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Academic Major
  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Signaling Theory
  • Instrumental and Symbolic Attributes
  • Qualitative Content Analysis
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چشم انداز مدیریت دولتی
دوره 16، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 61
فروردین 1404
صفحه 127-146