آینده‌پژوهی فردی کارآفرینان: از خودانگاره به خودنگاره

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی ( با رویکردهای کمی)

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشگاه امام حسین (ع).

چکیده

ینده‌پژوهی فردی موج جدیدی در مطالعات آینده‌پژوهانه است. مطالعه و پژوهش در حوزه‌های کارآفرینی و آینده‌پژوهی نشان می‌دهد که آینده‌پژوهی فردی و کارآفرینی می‌توانند دستاوردهای چشمگیر متقابلی داشته باشند. کارآفرینی مفهومی است که نمی‌توان آن را جدا از "آینده" در نظر گرفت. کارآفرینان پتانسیل بالایی در شکل­دادن به آینده، همراه با ارزش‌آفرینی دارند. از این رو، مطالعه فرآیند آینده­پژوهی فردی کارآفرینان، مطالب ارزشمندی برای مطالعات روانشناختی، علوم شناختی و جامعه‌شناختی کارآفرینی و مطالعات آینده‌پژوهانه به همراه دارد. نظریه برخواسته از داده‌ها به استخراج مدلی برای فرآیند آینده­نگر کارآفرینان کمک می‌کند. در این مدل، شرایط علی‌وقوع خودنگاره­­(نگرش و رفتار آینده­پژوهانه در زندگی فردی و شغلی) کارآفرینان، علل بستر، شرایط مداخله‌گر، استراتژی­ها و چگونگی منتج­شدن این فرآیند به پیامدهایی که تضمین‌کننده رشد فرد و اجتماع هستند، بنابر روایت‌های 12 کارآفرین مشخص می‌شوند که تعریف دیده‌بان جهانی کارآفرینی از بین مدیر-مالکان کسب‌و‌کار تثبیت شده­ای که 5/3 سال از عمر آن می گذرد، انتخاب شدند

کلیدواژه‌ها

  1. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1999). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  2. Adler, P., Kwon, S. (2002). Social capital: prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27 (1), 17– 40.
  3. Baron, R.A. (2004). The Cognitive Perspective: A Valuable Tool for Answering Entrepreneurship's Basic "Why" Questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19, 221-239.
  4. Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and Cognitive Factors in Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurs as the Active Element in New Venture Creation.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,1(1-2), 167–182.
  5. Baron, A. R., & Shane, A. S. (2008). Entrepreneurship a Process Perspective. Mason: International Student Edition/Thomson higher education.
  6. Baron, R. A., & Ward, T. B. (2004). Expanding Entrepreneurial Cognitive Toolbox:Potential Contributions From the Field of Cognitive Science. ET&P , 553-573.
  7. Bell, W. (2009). Foundations of Futures Studies:Human science for a new era: History, Purposes, Knowledge. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
  8. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic Interactionism. Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  9. Bradley, R. T. (2006). Psychophysiology of entrepreneurial intuition: A quantum-holographic theory. In M. Gillin (ed.), Regional Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 163-183.
  10. Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity Processes and Social Stress. American Sociological Review,56, 836-849.
  11. Burke, P.J., & Reitzes, D. C. (1981). The Link between Identity and Role Performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 83-92.
  12. Cereto, S. (1989). Principles of modern management, Functions and Systems . Massachusethe: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
  13. Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. California: SAGE Publications.
  14. Clark, R.B. (2004). Delineating the Character of the Entrepreneurial University. Higher Education Policy, 17, 355-370.
  15. Corbett, A. C. (2005). Experiential Learning Within the Process of Opportunity Identification and Exploitation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,29(4), 1042-2587.
  16. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
  17. Creswell, J. W. (2012). Grounded theory designs. In J.W.Creswell (Edit). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative (pp. 422-500). Boston: Pearson Education.
  18. Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2007). Exploring intuition and its role in managerialdecision making. Academy of Management Review, 32,33-54.
  19. Davidsson, P. & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs, Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 301–331.
  20. D.Souza, R., and R. J. White.( 2007). “The Role of Learning in Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition,” Presentation to National Conference of the United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, (USASBE), Orlando, FL.
  21. Dunne, C. (2011). The place of the literature review in grounded theory research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology,14(2), 111–124.
  22. Elfving, J., Brännback, M., & Carsrud, A. (2009). Toward A Contextual Model of Entrepreneurial Intentions. In A. Carsrud, & M. Brännback, Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind (pp. 23-33). Springer.
  23. Ellis, D. (1998). Creating Your Future, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  24. Erez, M., & Earley, P. (1993). Culture, Self-Identity, and Work. New York: Oxford University Press.
  25. Farmer, S. M., Yao, X., & Kung-Mcintyre, K. (2011). The Behavioral Impact of Entrepreneur Identity Aspiration and Prior Entrepreneurial Experience. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice.35(2),245-273
  26. Fontela, E., Guzman, J., Perez, M., & Santos, F. J. (2006). The Art of Entrepreneurial Foresight. foresight, 8(6), 3-13.
  27. Foote, N. (1951). Identification as the Basis for a Theory of Motivation. American Sociological Review, 16(1),14-21.
  28. Fuentes, M. d., Arroyo, M. R., Bojica, A. M., & Perez, V. F. (2010, Feb 12). Prior knowledge and social networks in the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,6(4),481-501.
  29. Gartner, W. B. (1988). "Who Is an Entrepreneur?" Is the Wrong Question. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 13(4), 47-68.
  30. Gecas, V. (1982). The Self-Concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-33.
  31. Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
  32. Glaser, B. G. (2002). Conceptualization: On Theory and Theorizing Using Grounded Theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2),1-30.
  33. Glaser, B. and A. Strauss. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine.
  34. Godet, M. (1994). From Anticipation to Action- A handbook of strategie prospective. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
  35. Hayashi, Alden M. (2001). When to TRUST Your GUT. Harvard Business Review, 79(2), 59-65.
  36. Hayward, P. (2003). Foresight in Everyday Life. Hawthorn: Australian Foresight Institute.
  37. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. (1988). Management of Organizational Behavior. United States of America: Division of Simon & Schuster.
  38. Holcomb, T. R., Ireland, R. D., Holmes, R. M., & Hitt, M. A. (2009). Architecture of Entrepreneurial Learning: Exploring the Link Among Heuristics, Knowledge, and Action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1),167-192.
  39. Jack, S. (2005). The Role, Use and Activation of strong and Weak Network Ties: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Management Studies, 42(6), 1233-1259.
  40. Jack, S. and Rose, M. (2010). Tracing the Historical Foundation of Social Networks in Entrepreneurship Research. Available at: http://www.isbe.org.uk/content/assets/BP09-SarahJack.pdf.
  41. Knight, G. A. (1997) Cross-Cultural Reliability and Validity of a Scale to Measure FirmEntrepreneurial Orientation, Journal of Business Venturing, 12 (3) 213.-225.
  42. Kuratko, DF and Hodgetts, RM. )2004(. Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice. Mason, Ohio: South Western.
  43. Krueger, N., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5/6), 411-432.
  44. Land, George & Jarman, Beth. (1992). Breakpoint and Beyond: Mastering the FutureToday. Scranton, PA: HarperCollins.
  45. Locke, K. (2001). Grounded Theory in Management Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  46. McCall, G., & Simmons. (1996). Identities and Interactions:An Examination of Human Associations in Everyday Life.New York : The Free Press.
  47. McClelland, D. C. (1989). How Do Self-Attributed and Implicit Motives Differ? Psychological Review, 96(4), 690-702.
  48. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self & Society from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  49. Michener, H. A., DeLamater, J. D., & Myers., D. J. (2004). Social Psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.
  50. Miller, C. C., & Ireland, R. D. (2005). Intuition in strategic decision making: Friend or foe in the fast-paced 21st century? Academy of Management Executive, 9(1), 19-30.
  51. Morrow, R. (2006). Hope, entrepreneurship and foresight. In L. Murray Gillin (Ed.), (2006), Regional frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Compilation of papers of the third AGSE international entrepreneurship research exchange [CD]. Melbourne: Swinburne University.
  52. Murnieks, C. Y., & Mosakowski, E. M. (2007). Who Am I? Looking Inside The “Entrepreneurial Identity” (Vol. 27). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.27(5):Article 5.
  53. Murnieks, C. Y., Mosakowski, E., & Cardon, M. S. (2012). Pathways of Passion: Identity Centrality, Passion, and Behavior Among Entrepreneurs. Journal of Management . In press. doi: 10.1177/0149206311433855
  54. Naffziger, D. W., Hornsby, J. S., & Kuratko, D. F. (1994). A Proposed Research Model of Entrepreneurial Motivation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19, 29-42.
  55. Reibnitz, U. H. (2007). Ther is always an alternative. Vence: Forum.
  56. Reibnitz, U. H. Von (2009). How to Become The C.E.O. of Your Life. Lernende Organisation.
  57. Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.)
  58. Schott,T., (2010). Training and networking organization in entrepreneurship in Denmark 2010 – studied via Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Kolding: University of Southern Denmark.
  59. Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. The Individual–Opportunity Nexus, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  60. Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 257–279.
  61. Shane S., Venkataraman S. The promise of entrepreneruship as a field of research.Academy of Management Review (2000) 25(1):217–226.
  62. Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  63. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research : Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. London: Sage Publications.
  64. Stryker, S. (1989). Further Developments in Identity Theory: Singularity Versus Multiplicity of Self. In J. Berger & M. Zelditch & B. Anderson (Eds.), Sociological Theories in Progress. London: Sage.
  65. Stryker, S., & Burke, P. J. (2000). The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(4), 284-297.
  66. The Future World Society. (2004). The Art of Foresight. Bethesda: World Future Society.
  67. Timmons, J.A. (1999). New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for 21st century (5th ed.). Homewood, Illinois: Irwin- McGraw-Hill.
  68. Timmons, J. A., & Spinelli, S. (2007). New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for The 21st Century. NewYork: McGrawHill/Irwin.
  69. Voros, J. (2007). Towards an 'Integral' View of Entrepreneurship. Journal of Futures Studies, 12(2), 5-22.
  70. Wheelright, V. (2009). Futures for Everyone. Journal of Futures Studies, 13(4), 91-104.
  71. Wheelright, V. (2010). The Next Wave. Journal of Futures Studies, 14(4), 107-114.
  72. Wood, M. S., & Pearson, J. M. (2009). Taken on Faith? The Impact of Uncertainty, Knowledge Relatedness, and Richness of Information on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Exploitation. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 16 (2), 117-130.
  73. Zahra, S. A., Korri, J. S., & Yu, J. (2005). Cognition and international entrepreneurship:implications for research on international opportunity recognition and exploitation. International Business Review, 14, 129–146.